Lamborghini

A Lamborghini é um fabricante de automóveis esportivos de luxo e de alto desempenho para competir com a Ferrari com sede no município italiano de Sant'Agata Bolognese, nas imediações de Bolonha. A companhia foi fundada em 1963 por Ferruccio Lamborghini (1916–1993) como uma filial da sua bem-sucedida fábrica de tratores Lamborghini Trattori S.p.A..

Ferruccio decidiu instalar-se em Sant’Agata de Bolonha e contratou uma série de engenheiros de nomeada para construir os seus carros, como foi o caso de Bizzarrini, Dallara e Stanzani.

Em 1964 foi produzido o primeiro carro Lamborghini, o modelo 350GT, que combinava um chassis desenhado por Dallara com um motor V12 concebido por Bizzarrini. O carro fez bastante sucesso e foi produzido até 1968, depois de ter sido renovado em 1966.

Ainda em 1966 foi lançado o mítico Lamborghini Miura, desenhado por Bertone e dotado também de um potente motor V12. Também este modelo foi um tremendo sucesso de vendas tendo sido produzido até 1973.

Entretanto, em 1968 tinha sido apresentado o Lamborghini Islero, destinado a substituir o 400 GT, que havia surgido como desenvolvimento do 350GT. Também em 1968 apareceu o Lamborghini Espada, o primeiro carro da marca com capacidade para quatro pessoas. Dois anos depois o Islero foi substituído pelo Lamborghini Jarama.

Em 1972 o Lamborghini Urraco permitiu à marca italiana entrar no segmento dos pequenos super-carros. Ainda nesse ano a Lamborghini vendeu 51 por cento das suas acções a um empresário suíço, com os restantes 49 por cento a serem entregues a outro suíço em 1974.

Pelo meio, em 1973 o Miura foi substituído por um outro modelo que também fez história no mundo dos carros de características desportivas, o Lamborghini Countach. Este carro tinha um design extremamente angular e aerodinâmico e estava dotado de um potente motor traseiro de 4000 cc e 12 cilindros em V. O carro foi produzido com estas características até 1988, ano em que o motor passou a ter uma cilindrada de 5000cc. No entanto a empresa estava há muito em dificuldades financeiras e em 1981 tinha sido vendida aos irmãos Mimram, que revitalizaram a marca.

Nesse sentido em 1981 surgiu o Lamborghini Jalpa, que teve por base o Urraco, e em 1982 o Lamborghini LM002, uma novidade na marca, já que se tratava de um veículo de ALLROAD. Este jipe estava dotado de um motor Countach.

Em 1987 a marca norte-americana Chrysler comprou a Lamborghini e para além do substituto do Countach, começou a preparar um motor para equipar carros de Fórmula 1. A estréia nesta competição automobilística ocorreu em 1989, mas nunca teve sucesso.

Já o substituto, do Countach, o Diablo, foi apresentado em 1990 e conheceu um grande sucesso, mantendo-se em produção para além do ano 2000. Nesta altura, já a Lamborghini tinha passado para as mãos do grupo alemão Volkswagen, o que aconteceu em 1998, tendo ficado associada à marca Audi.

A verdadeira história sobre a criação da Lamborghini
Ferruccio Lamborghini era um rico construtor de tratores e fazendeiro, e como a maioria da nata da sociedade na época, ele utilizava automóveis da marca Ferrari.

Porém, Ferruccio sempre reclamava da embreagem das Ferraris. Um dia, Ferruccio foi reclamar à Enzo Ferrari, criador da montadora homogênea.

Tratado com displicência por Enzo, recebeu a mais ou menos seguinte resposta: "você não sabe dirigir Ferraris, porque você é apenas um simples fazendeiro!". Ferruccio, sentindo-se ofendido respondeu: "Eu criarei uma marca melhor que a sua!".

Alguns anos depois, Ferruccio apresentou seu primeiro protótipo, o 300 GT, que transformaria-se no primeiro carro de produção da Automobili Lamborghini, o 350 GT.


[editar] Modelos produzidos (anos de produção)
350 GT (1964 a 1966)
400 GT (1966 a 1967)
400 GT 2+2 (1966 a 1968)
P400 Miura (1966 a 1969)
Islero (1968 a 1969)
Espada Série I (400 GT, 1968 a 1969)
Espada Série II (400 GTE, 1969 a 1972)
Espada Série III (400 GTE, 1972 a 1978)
P400 Miura S (1969 a 1971)
Islero S (1969 a 1970)
400 GT Jarama (1970 a 1972)
P250 Urraco (1972 a 1976)
P400 Miura SV (1971 a 1972)
400 GTS Jarama (1972 a 1976)
LP400 Countach (1974 a 1978)
P200 Urraco (1975 a 1977)
P300 Urraco (1974 a 1979)
Silhouette (1976 a 1979)
LP400 S Countach (1978 a 1982)
Jalpa P350 (1981 a 1988)
LP500 S Countach (1982 a 1985)
LP500 Countach QuattroValvole (1985 a 1988)
Countach 25e Anniversaire (1988 a 1990)
LM 002 (1986 a 1992)
Diablo (1990 a 1998)
Diablo VT (1993 a 1998)
Diablo SE30 (1994 a ?)
Diablo SE30 JOTA (1995)
Diablo VT Roadster (1995 à 1998)
Diablo SV (1995 à 1998)
Diablo SV Roadster (1998)
Diablo SV Monterey (1998)
Diablo SV Alpine Edition (1999)
Diablo VT (1999)
Diablo VT12 (1999)
Diablo SV (1999)
Diablo VT Roadster (1999)
Diablo GT (1999)
Diablo VT Roadster Momo Edition (1999)
Diablo GTR (2000)
Diablo Millennium Roadster (2000)
Diablo VT 6.0 (2000 à 2001)
Murciélago (Salão de Frankfurt, 2001. Comercializado a partir de 2002)
Gallardo (2003 a ...)
Murciélago 40th Anniversary (2003)
Lamborghini Murciélago Roadster
Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT
Lamborghini Murciélago LP640 (2006)
Lamborghini Gallardo Spyder (2006)
Lamborghini Gallardo Superleggera (2007)
Lamborghini Reventón (2008)
Lamborghini Alar Concept (2008)
Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 (2008)
Lamborghini Miura Concept (2008)
Lamborghini Reventón (2008)
Lamborghini Estoque (2008)




Lamborghini

Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., commonly referred to as Lamborghini, is an Italian manufacturer of sports cars, based in the small Italian village of Sant'Agata Bolognese, near Bologna. The company was founded in 1963 by businessman Ferruccio Lamborghini, who owned a successful tractor factory, Lamborghini Trattori S.p.A..

Lamborghini is now a subsidiary of the German car manufacturer, Audi AG, which is in turn a subsidiary of Volkswagen Group

History

[edit] Origin
Founded by Ferruccio Lamborghini, Lamborghini started out as a tractor building company in the Italian village of Sant'Agata Bolognese. However, Ferruccio Lamborghini's priorities changed when he went to meet Enzo Ferrari at the Ferrari factory to complain about the quality of the clutch in his Ferrari 250.[2]


[edit] Under Ferruccio Lamborghini

Lamborghini 400GTThe 350GT was followed by the 400GT. Profits from the 400GT and its predecessor gave the company ample capital to design its first sports car, the Lamborghini Miura. The chassis of the new Miura was introduced by Ferruccio himself at the November 1965 Turin Auto Show. The car's engine was transversely mounted. The styling was executed by Marcello Gandini in less than a year. The completed car was displayed at the March 1966 Geneva Auto Show. The car's name was taken from the famed fighting-bull trainer, Don Eduardo Miura. One hundred and eleven Miuras were sold in 1967. Seven hundred and sixty-one were made in total. The Miura propelled the company into the small world of exotic car manufacturers.

The Espada, a four-seat car based on the Marzal concept car, was developed alongside of the Miura. The name Espada means sword in Spanish, and referred to the sword used by the matador in bullfighting. Using the 4-litre V12 in a conventional front engine layout, the low-slung touring car could attain a top speed of approximately 150 mph (240 km/h). An interesting feature of the Espada was a glass taillight panel that used the same taillights as the contemporary Fiat 124 Coupé. The Espada received minor improvements over its production, resulting in three distinct series.


Lamborghini tractorIn 1971, Lamborghini produced the LP500 Countach prototype. The Countach was named after an Italian dialect term uttered in surprise by Nuccio Bertone upon seeing the car for the first time. The production LP400 Countach was introduced three years later. The prototype was the first car to sport Lamborghini's now-traditional scissor doors, along with vertically mounted rear air intakes. The Countach's V12 engine initially had the same 4-litre capacity as the Miura, but this was enlarged to five litres upon the introduction of the LP500S Countach in 1982. The Countach was one of the first cars to use the Pirelli "P-Zero" tires. Lamborghini's test driver would often demonstrate the Countach's abilities to journalists. A detail noted by journalists was the manner in which a Countach was reversed; the driver would raise the door and sit on the door sill.

The company suffered a major setback in 1972 when a massive tractor order from a South American nation was canceled. In preparation of the order, Lamborghini had made upgrades to its factories to accommodate the increase in demand. Financial complications forced Ferruccio to sell part of his share of the tractor factory to Fiat. The tractor business was eventually acquired by SAME (now Same Deutz-Fahr). Lamborghini tractors are still sold today, as part of the SAME Deutz-Fahr Group.

Eventually, the automobile division became self-sufficient and profitable. Lamborghini, however, sold all his remaining stock in the company to a Swiss investor and left the automotive industry.

The 1970s oil crisis plagued sales of high performance cars. In 1978, Lamborghini declared bankruptcy. An Italian court was appointed to find a buyer, and the Swiss-based Mimran brothers took over the company in 1984, after managing the company for four years while it was in receivership. The company remained solvent under Mimran's control, selling the Countach, the Jalpa, and the LM002 during this time.

In a surprise move, the company was bought by the Chrysler Corporation in 1987 with the acquisition being driven by Lee Iacocca, Chrysler's chairman at the time. Lamborghini was then working on the Countach's successor, the Diablo. The basic design of the Diablo was by Marcello Gandini, who designed the Miura and the Countach while at Bertone. The design was further developed by Chrysler, which brought its resources, including design input, pollution controls, and new manufacturing techniques, into this development. Chrysler's experience with the design of mass market vehicles improved areas of practicality and comfort that had been neglected earlier, including noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), engineering, and ergonomics.[3].


[edit] Post-Chrysler: Megatech and Audi
In January 1994, poor economic circumstances and the political climate at Chrysler forced them to sell[citation needed] Lamborghini to Megatech, an Indonesian investment group headed by Tommy Suharto, the youngest son of Indonesian President Suharto. A new management team was installed at the company headquarters headed by ex-Lotus Group Chief Executive, Mike Kimberley and including ex-McLaren Cars head of sales, Nigel Gordon-Stewart who became International Sales and Marketing Director. Kimberley was, at the time, the only candidate acceptable to Chrysler as the new President of Lamborghini under the Megatech ownership as he was well known to senior Chrysler management from his previous senior roles at Lotus and General Motors.

Under the new management, Lamborghini began a renaissance in the world markets, with a complete revision of its international dealer network and the implementation of highly proactive marketing strategies. Sales increased from 101 in 1993 to 301 in 1994 and 414 in 1995. Large stocks of cars held by the dealers were sold through aggressive marketing programmes and new models introduced to create a shortage of product in the market reinforcing the exclusive image and premium value of Lamborghini product.

The Lamborghini Diablo SV (Sport Veloce) was launched in 1995. Inspired by the Lamborghini Miura SV, the Diablo SV featured a more powerful 525bhp V12 engine featuring variable cam timing technology (MMEC) developed by Lamborghini. The Diablo SV became the best selling version of the Diablo.

The Lamborghini Diablo SVR was also introduced in 1996 and used to compete in the one-make racing series developed by Stephane Rattel and sponsored by Lease Plan.

Megatech sold the company in 1997 as a result of changing circumstances in Indonesia and therefore an inability to fund the future business plan produced by Kimberley's team.

Lamborghini was bought by Audi AG, who had gained interest in the Italian company after being one of several major manufacturers approached as possible technical suppliers for major components for future Lamborghini models. After a complex series of transactions, Audi AG became the sole owner of Automobili Lamborghini.


Lamborghini Showroom displayLamborghini's latest owner once again greatly influenced the design of its cars, including the Murcielago. Audi's vast technical resources helped produce one of Lamborghini's most sophisticated cars to date.

Sales under Audi AG ownership Year Sales
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
1996[4] 211
Audi Takeover in 1998
2002[4] 424
2003[4] 1,305
2004[4] 1,592
2005[5] 1,600
2006[5] 2,087
2007[6] 2,580


[edit] Lamborghini of Latin America
Jorge Antonio Fernández García set up his company, Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica (based in Buenos Aires, Argentina), in 1994, with special permission granted by Automobili Lamborghini, then under the ownership of Megatech. The first cars, called the Eros GT-1 and the Coatl, were presented in 2000. These were hand-made Diablo-based special sportscars, and from 2003 they are offered for sale only in South America.

Since 2003, Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica have not built any cars. In 2003, they asked the Argentinian Government to invest in the company, but their request was not granted.[7] [8].


[edit] Badge Licensing
The Lamborghini badge with its connotations of exotic motoring, has been licensed for use on unrelated products such as mountain bikes, watches, cigar lighters, humidors, sunglasses, coffee machines[9] and notebook computers[10].


[edit] Models
Vehicle Year Engine Displacement Top Speed Image
cc cu in km/h mph
350GTV 1963 Lamborghini V12 3,464 211.4 280 170
350GT 1964–1968 Lamborghini V12 3,464 211.4 240 150
400GT 2+2 1966–1968 Lamborghini V12 3,929 239.8 250 160
Miura 1966–1974 Lamborghini V12 3,929 239.8 288 179
Espada 1968–1978 Lamborghini V12 3,929 239.8 245 152
Islero 1968–1970 Lamborghini V12 3,929 239.8 248 154
Jarama 1970–1978 Lamborghini V12 3,929 239.8 240 150
Urraco 1970–1979 Lamborghini V8 2,463
2,996
1,994 150
180
120 230 140
Countach 1974–1990 Lamborghini V12 3,929
4,754
5,167 240
290
320 295 183
Silhouette 1976–1977 Lamborghini V8 2,996 182.8 260 160
Jalpa 1982–1990 Lamborghini V8 3,485 212.7 240 150
LM002 1986–1992 Lamborghini V12 5,167 315.3 210 130
Diablo 1990–2001 Lamborghini V12 5,707
5,992 350
370 330 210
Murciélago 2001– Lamborghini V12 6,192
6,496 380
400 335 208
Gallardo 2003– Lamborghini V10 4,964 302.9 325 202
Reventón 2008– Lamborghini V12 6,496 396.4 345 214

The current (2008) range consists of the Murciélago LP640, the Murciélago LP640 Roadster and the smaller, less expensive Gallardo LP560/4 and Gallardo Spyder, after production of the Gallardo Superleggera ceased earlier this year. All are extremely fast, mid-engined 2-seaters. The Murciélago LP640, the Murciélago LP640 Roadster and the Gallardo LP560-4 come with Lamborghini's standard four-wheel drive systems. Their styling is largely the work of Belgian designer Luc Donckerwolke.

The current head of design for Audi and Lamborghini is Wolfgang Egger.

Future models may include a rear-wheel-drive version of the Gallardo, and possibly an SUV in the spirit of the LM002. At the 2008 Paris Motor Show Lamborghini revealed the Estoque Concept - a four door sedan.


[edit] Racing Models
See also: Modena (racing team)
Ferruccio Lamborghini had set a rule that Lamborghini would not be involved in motor racing. He saw such a program as too expensive and too demanding in company resources.[citation needed] Consequently, no Lamborghini racing car was fabricated under his management. The closest the company came to building racing cars at that time was when the company's test driver Bob Wallace made a few highly modified prototypes based on existing models. Notable among these are the Miura SV based Jota and the Jarama S based Bob Wallace Special.

Under the management of Rosetti, Lamborghini entered into an agreement with BMW to build a production racing car in sufficient quantity for homologation. However, Lamborghini found itself unable to fulfill their part of the agreement. The car was eventually developed in-house by the BMW Motorsport Division, and was manufactured and sold as the BMW M1.[11][12]

Lamborghini developed the QVX for the 1986 Group C championship season. One car was built, but lack of sponsorship caused it to miss the season. The QVX competed in only one race, the non-championship 1986 Southern Suns 500 km race at Kyalami in South Africa, driven by Tiff Needell. Despite the car finishing better than it started, sponsorship could not be found and the program was cancelled.[13]

Lamborghini was an engine supplier in Formula One between the 1989 and 1993 Formula One seasons. It supplied engines to Larrousse, Ligier, Lotus, Minardi, and to a 'Lamborghini' team, although this last was not viewed as a works team by the car company. The 1992 Larrousse/Lamborghini was largely uncompetitive but noteworthy in its tendency to spew oil from its exhaust system. Cars following closely behind the Larrousse were commonly colored yellowish-brown by the end of the race.[citation needed]

Late in 1991, a Lamborghini Formula One motor would be used in the Konrad KM-011 Group C sports car, but the car would only last a few races before the project was canceled. The same engine, badged as a Chrysler, by Lamborghini's then parent company, was tested by McLaren towards the end of the 1993 season, with a view to its use during the 1994 season. Although driver Ayrton Senna was reportedly impressed with the engine's performance, McLaren pulled out of negotiations, choosing a Peugeot engine instead, and Chrysler ended the project.

Two racing versions of the Diablo were built for the Diablo Supertrophy, a single-model racing series held annually from 1996 to 1999. In the first year, the model used in the series was the Diablo SVR, while the Diablo 6.0 GTR was used for the remaining three years.[14] [15]

Lamborghini developed the Murciélago R-GT as a production racing car to compete in the FIA GT Championship, the Super GT Championship and the American Le Mans Series in 2004. Their highest placing in any race that year was the opening round of the FIA GT Championship at Valencia, where the car entered by Reiter Engineering finished third from a fifth-place start.[16] [17] In 2006 during the opening round of the Super GT championship at Suzuka, a car run by the Japan Lamborghini Owners Club garnered the first victory (in class) by an R-GT.

A GT3 version of the Gallardo has been developed by Reiter Engineering.[18]

A Murciélago R-GT entered by All-Inkl.com racing, driven by Christophe Bouchut and Stefan Mücke, won the opening round of the FIA GT Championship held at Zhuhai International Circuit, achieving the first major international race victory for Lamborghini.[19]


[edit] Marine Engines
Lamborghini have for some years produced a larger V12 marine engine block for use in powerboat racing, notably the World Offshore Series Class 1. This engine is produced with a typical displacement of around 8500cc/510ci with an output of around 950 hp (710 kW).[20]


[edit] Ownership
Lamborghini has had a number of owners:

Ferruccio Lamborghini 1963–1972
Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer 1972–1977
bankrupt 1977–1984
managed by Patrick Mimran 1980–1984
Patrick Mimran 1984–1987
Chrysler Corporation 1987–1994
Megatech 1994–1995 (Permission granted for the creation of Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica)
V'Power, Mycom 1995–1998
Audi AG 1998-present